Problem with links in Mautic5

Hi everyone,
I’m writing to report an issue affecting the links in our daily newsletters following our migration from Mautic 4 to Mautic 5.
Context
The newsletter is built in Stripo and sent with Mautic 5 with click tracking enabled. For internal tracking needs, every link first passes through our /go redirect (category). The typical chain is: anti-spam with URL rewriting (where present) → Mautic (/r/...) → /go → external destination. The card links are very similar to each other (same basic structure) and positioned close together in the layout.
Initial symptom (Outlook only, resolved)
Immediately after moving to Mautic 5, in Outlook (Microsoft 365 desktop)—particularly for accounts that go through an anti-spam gateway with URL rewriting—clicking the first button opened the destination of the fifth, clicking the second opened the destination of the sixth, and so on. Gmail, by contrast, worked correctly. Our hypothesis is that the combination of “very similar, closely spaced links” plus “triple redirect” caused confusion in the rewriting.
Actions taken
To eliminate markup-related side effects, we:

  • removed from the Stripo template the commented/MSO section intended for Outlook, which was rewriting certain elements;

  • added href attributes to the card images as well, removing empty anchors (<a href="">) that could have caused unpredictable behavior.

After these changes, tests were successful: the email works correctly in both Outlook and Gmail, regardless of the anti-spam gateway, when sent to a small test segment.
Outstanding issue (full-segment send)
When sending the same content (duplicated in Mautic, same HTML structure) to the full subscriber segment, the same address that worked during testing once again exhibits the link error. This occurs on my two test accounts (Gmail and Outlook) but not for all recipients in the segment; so far, we have not identified a common trait among the affected mailboxes.I attached the 2 messages, one that is working an the one is not.can you help me please? Our agency is struggling a lot for this problem and we are losing some readers.