Mautic ignores lead.preferred_locale (only in Docker)

Your software
My Mautic version is: 5.1.1-apache (Docker compose)
My PHP version is: 8.1.29
My Database type and version is: pdo_mysql 8.0.39

Your problem
My problem is:
I have several instances of Mautic set up. All of them but one run directly on a LAMP-stack, so far, no issues.
Tried using dockerized Mautic for some weeks now and it has been a subpar experience, to say the least.
My current issue: Dockerized Mautic consistently ignores my multilanguage emails.

I have a campaign (id 1) which is supposed to send out some emails in a time frame of about 4 weeks. I have tested Mautics multilingual features and came to the conclusion that most of the times, Mautic should honor the lead’s preferred_locale:

system_locale preferred_locale campaign_main_locale result
de zh_MO en en
de zh_MO de de
de de de de
de en de de
de en en en
de de en de
de de_DE en de
de en_US en en
en_US zh_MO en en
en_US zh_MO de de
en_US de de de
en_US en de de
en_US en en en
en_US de en de
en_US de_DE en de
en_US en_US en en

Mautic on LAMP-stack works just fine and as expected per these results.
However, Mautic dockerized does not seem to work. It always sends out the the email language chosen in the campaign (which is English) and ignores if the contact has de set for their preferred_locale.
This is fine for most languages (English is supposed to be fallback), but de should be honored. Emails are set up properly with two emails of the same, one de and one en, en is chosen as translation for the corresponding de email.

These errors are showing in the log:
[2024-10-16T14:01:34.601833+00:00] mautic.NOTICE: PHP Notice - iconv(): Detected an illegal character in input string - in file /var/www/html/docroot/app/bundles/CoreBundle/Helper/InputHelper.php - at line 421 {“hostname”:“hostname”,“pid”:1} (not sure if that would be associated with this issue though).

Steps I have tried to fix the problem:
Changed languages all over the place - multiple times. The changes are persisted to the database, I can see the preferred_locale changing when I update a lead. Emails are definitely persited correctly to the database as well.

console cache:clear console mautic:assets:generate both did not help.